In Little Dorritt, Charles Dickens rails against the
stifling effects of bureaucracy:
No public business of
any kind could possibly be done at any time without the acquiescence of the Circumlocution
Office.… the Circumlocution Office was down upon any ill-advised public servant
who was going to do it, or who appeared to be by any surprising accident in
remote danger of doing it, with a minute, and a memorandum, and a letter of
instructions that extinguished him.
Substitute “NHS research ethics procedures” for
Circumlocution Office, and “researcher” for public servant, and you have a
perfect description of a contemporary problem.
December 2010
My programme grant has been running now for over a year, and
it’s time to gird up my loins to tackle NHS ethics. I’ve had plenty of other
research to keep me busy, but I’m aware that I’ve been putting off this task
after earlier aversive experiences. “Come on,” I tell myself, “you deal with
unpleasant and bureaucratic tasks regularly - reviewing grants, responding to
reviewer comments, completing your tax return. You really just have to treat
this in the same way.”
It starts well enough. I track down a website for the
Integrated Research Application
System IIRAS). I start to have misgivings when it tells me that it’ll take
approximately an hour to work through its e-learning training module. To my
mind, any web-based form that requires training in its use needs redesigning. But
I bite the bullet and work through the training. Not too bad, I think. I can
handle this. I start to complete the form. I’m particularly happy to find
little buttons associated with each question that explain what they want you to
say. A definite improvement, as in the earlier versions you spent a lot of time
trying to work out what the questions were getting at. It also cleverly adapts
so that it excludes questions that aren’t relevant to your application. This
turns out to be a two-edged sword, as I discover some weeks later. But at
present I am progressing and in a cheerful mood.
The process is interrupted by need to travel from Australia to UK, Christmas, snow, massive
revision to do to address reviewer comments on a paper, etc.
January 2011
Input more information, design information sheets, consent
forms, etc, etc. Still feeling buoyant. The form is virtually complete, except
for some information from collaborators and bits that need to be completed by
Oxford R&D. I realise we want an information video for kids who can’t read,
but it’ll need to be approved, but we don’t want to go to all the trouble and
expense of making it before getting approval. Discuss with helpful person from
Oxford R&D, who suggests I write a script for approval. I also book in the
film crew, shortlist and interview candidates for research assistant posts on
the project, send draft to all collaborators for approval, and ask geneticist
collaborator for help with some details. Am finding that progress is slower and
slower, because navigating the form is so difficult: it displays one page at a
time and does not scroll. You can specify a question to go to, but it’s not
easy to remember which questions correspond to which numbered item, and so you
end up repeatedly printing out the whole form and shuffling through a mountain
of paper to find the relevant question. Keeping things consistent is a big
headache.
February 2011
Two weeks’ holiday, then enter final details that were sent
to me by collaborators and send the whole lot off to R&D.
The dynamic form starts to reveal its diabolic properties
when I enter a new collaborator from Cardiff,
only to find that the form now pops up with a new question, along the lines of
“How will you meet the requirements of the Welsh Language Act 1993?”. I won’t.
We’re studying language, and all our tests are in English, so only English
speakers will be recruited. Explain that, and hope it works out.
But now it gets seriously worse. I’ve entered lots of
clinical colleagues as “NHS Sites”, but it turns out they aren’t sites. They
are Patient Identification Centres. I have to delete them all from the form.
Well, I think, at least that makes life simpler. But it doesn’t. Because now
they aren’t sites any more, new questions pop up. Who will do the patient
recruitment, and how will we pay for it? This one is a Catch 22. Previously our
research assistants have been supervised by a consultant to go through records
to find relevant cases. Some places required that you get honorary NHS status,
and that could necessitate fulfilling other requirements. I actually had to get
vaccinated for tetanus as part of getting an NHS contract some years ago. They
said it was in case I got bitten by a child, something that has not happened to
me in 35 years of researching. But I digress. Now, it seems, even a fully vaccinated, child-proofed,
police-checked researcher is not allowed to go through medical records to
identify cases unless patients have given prior consent. Which, of course, they
won’t have, since they don’t know about the study.
“Help!” I say to my lovely clinical colleagues. “What do we
do now?”. Well, they have a suggestion. If I can register with something called
CLRN, then they can help with patient recruitment. I’m given contact details
for a research nurse affiliated with CLRN who soothes my brow and encourages me
to go the CLRN route. I have to fill in something called a NIHR CSP Application
Form which apparently goes to a body called the “portfolio adoption team” who
can decide whether to adopt me and my project. All of these forms want a
project start date and duration. I did have early April as notional start date,
but that’s beginning to look optimistic.
Late February: comments back from R&D. Have been through
application with a fine toothcomb and picked up various things they anticipate
won’t be liked by the ethics committee. Impressed with the thoroughness and
promptness of the response, and found the people at R&D very helpful over
the phone, but my goodness, there is a lot to cope with here:
First, it seems I am still in a muddle about the definition
of NHS sites, so have filled in bits wrongly that need to be entered elsewhere.
Am also confused about the distinction between an “outcome” and an “outcome
measure”.
Then there is the question of whether I need “Site specific
forms”. The word “site” is starting to cause autonomic reactions in me. Here’s
what I’m told: “Please supply an NHS SSI form for each research site; Please
note for Patient Identification Centres (PICs)
R&D approval is required but you do not need an SSI form for these
provided no research activity takes place on that site – taking consent to take
part in the project is a research activity, giving out information on the
study/advertising the study is not considered a research activity.”
I also baulk at the suggestion that I should add to the
information sheet: “
The University has arrangements
in place to provide for harm arising from participation in the study for which
the University is the Research Sponsor. NHS indemnity operates in
respect of the clinical treatment with which you are provided.” Since I don’t understand what this means, I
doubt my participants will, and the participants aren’t receiving any clinical
treatment. Out of curiosity, I paste these two sentences into a
readability
index website. It gives the passage a Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level of 22,
with readability score of 4 (on a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 is easy). I try
to keep my information sheets at maximum 8th grade level, so reword the bits I
do understand and delete the bits that seem irrelevant or incomprehensible.
I reluctantly went along with the idea that I should
devise an “Assent form” for children. This is like a kiddie consent form, but
with easier language, to be signed by both child and researcher. They seem to
be a blanket requirement these days, regardless of the level of risk posed by
research procedures. I dislike the Assent form because I am not sure what
purpose it serves, other than to make children nervous about what they are
getting themselves into. It has no legal status, and we can’t gather
psychological test data from unco-operative children. Others share my view that
this requirement is
incoherent
and wrong. But I want to do this study, so feel I have no choice. I had a
look on the web and NHS guidance sites to look at suggested wordings, and did
not like them, so did a modified and simplified version I hoped would be
approved. It would be interesting to do some research on Assent forms to see
how they are perceived by children.
March 2011
Hooray! By the start of March, I’m ready to submit my
forms. Since IRAS is all electronic, I
had assumed I would do it with a button press, but that would be too simple. Multiple
copies must be sent by snail mail within a specific time frame. There has been
serious research on the
environmental impact of this. But first there is the question of booking an
appointment with an ethics committee. There’s a whole centre devoted to this
task, and they have standard questions that they ask you about the nature of
the research. I was doing well with these until we got to the question about
children. Yes, I was going to do research with children. Ah, well then I
couldn’t go to any old ethics committee, I had to go to one with a
paediatrician. And, unfortunately, there weren’t any slots on committees in
Oxfordshire with paediatricians. But, said the helpful girl on the phone, I
could try calling the Oxfordshire people directly and they might be able to
book me in. At 12.05 I call the number I’ve been given, only to get an automated
message saying the office is only open from 10 to 12. Since the following
morning I’m busy (I am trying to do my regular job through all this), despair
starts to set in. But I break out of a meeting to call them the next morning.
The phone rings. And rings. Back to my meeting. Break out again, repeat
experience. Eventually I get through. Person at end of phone takes me through
the same list of questions about type of research, and finds a convenient slot
with an Oxfordshire committee, which I can make if I move an appointment. Move
the appointment. Get called back to say that committee can’t unfortunately take
me, because they don’t do proposals with children. Am offered another slot on a
day when I have arranged to examine a PhD in London. Next one in Oxford is a month later, well after the
proposed start date for the research. Best they can do is to offer me a slot
with a Berkshire committee, who do have a paediatrician and are just one hour’s
drive away, and which is later than the original slot, but sooner than the
Oxford one. I decide to go for it. I then receive a remarkable document with a
lot of multicoloured writing, which gives me a booking confirmation number, and a
lot of instructions.
This triggers a frantic process because you then have
seven days to get all the material delivered to the ethics committee. This may
not seem difficult, except that all the information sheets and consent forms
need to have little header put on them with the booking number and date, and
they also want copies of things like a CV, copies of test forms and suchlike,
and worse still, there have to be signatures not just from me but also from
R&D, who are in a hospital a couple of miles away up a hill. Unfortunately
coincides with a period when my PA is absent, and so I rush around like a
demented cockroach getting this all together. I’d not budgeted much time for
this bit, as I’d assumed submission would involve pressing a button on my
computer and uploading some attachments and my diary was full. Somehow I had to
find a couple of hours for fiddling with forms, a trip up the hill for a
signature the next day, and a journey to the post office to ensure it would all
get delivered on time.
I also needed to get the documents to CLRN. This could be
done by email, but that soon bounced back. Once more the critical distinction
between sites and centres eluded me, and I was told that I had to submit
corrected documents because:
“In
Part C, if the only research site is the University of Oxford and the other organisations
listed are Participant Identification Centres (PICs), there should be listed
under the heading Participant Identification Centre(PIC)Collaborator/Contact
immediately below the University of Oxford entry, and not separately.”
So back to the form again to
alter this bit. At last it is accepted. But this now triggers new emails,
including one from London
saying:
“We have been notified that you
may be participating in the above study. If the Chief Investigator or Study
Coordinator confirms this, Central and East London CLRN will be supporting you
locally through the NIHR CSP process and we look forward to working with you on
this project.
If this is confirmed, please
email all relevant documents to me when you submit your SSI Form through IRAS.
The documents you need to submit are listed on the Checklist tab within your
SSI Form in IRAS…..etc etc”
The SSI form was one I thought I
didn’t have to complete, so I phoned the number given on the email, who said
they couldn’t comment and I should ask Oxford, so I asked Oxford, who agreed I
didn’t need to do anything.
Meanwhile, there’s yet another
form that has popped up that wants to know what training in ethics the
researchers have had. Since I haven’t had formal training, I’m told I can
either go on a half-day course, or take an on-line course in five modules, each
lasting around 45 minutes. I try the online course, but find most of the
material is not relevant to me. It starts with pictures of concentration camp
victims to emphasise why people need to be protected from reseachers, then goes
on to give information focussed on clinical trials. I’m not doing a clinical
trial. The quizzes at the end of each module don’t seem designed to check
whether you have mastered the subtleties of ethical reasoning, so much as
whether you know your way around the bureaucratic maze that is involved in
ethical approval, and in particular whether you understand all the acronyms.
April 2011
The six weeks from early March
to mid April were joyfully free from communications with ethics people, and
normal life resumed. My new staff took up their posts and we made a start on
filming for an information DVD for the project, and decided that we would delay
the editing stage until after the Berkshire
meeting. The day of the committee meeting dawned sunny and bright and I drove
off to Berkshire, where I had a perfectly
reasonable chat with the ethics committee about the project for about 15
minutes. The Paediatrician was absent. I explained I wanted to assemble the
information video, but was told I had to wait until I received a letter
documenting changes they’d want me to make. When this arrived, about a week
later, they wanted some minor rewording of one sentence. This would be trivial
for a written information sheet, but entailed some refilming and careful
editing. In addition, the committee raised a point that had not been discussed
when I met with them, namely that they were concerned at a statement we had
made saying we would give feedback to parents about their children’s language
assessment if we found difficulties that had not previously been detected.
This, I was told, was an incentive, and I should “soften” the language. This
was seriously baffling, as you either tell someone you’ll give them feedback or
you don’t. I could not see how to reword it, and I also felt the concern about
incentives was just silly. I sent them a copy of a paper on this topic
for good measure.
May 2011
Oh frabjous day! At last I receive a letter giving consent
for the study to go ahead. I think my troubles are over, and we swing into
action with those parts of the project that don’t involve NHS recruitment. But
joy is short-lived. I am only just beginning to understand the multifarious
ways in which it is possible to Get Things Wrong when dealing with the
Circumlocutions Office. I now start to have communications with the CLRN, who
want copies of all documentation (including protocol, consent forms, the
information video, etc etc - a total of 15 documents) and then tell me:
“The R&D Signature pages
uploaded to the doc store on 27th June 2011 do not marry up with the R&D
Form uploaded on 15th March 2011”
Requests for new form-filling also
come in from the CCRN Portfolio. I’m getting seriously confused about who all these
people are, but complete the form anyway.
And, worst still, in August I
get a request from TVCLRN for a copy of the
letter I sent to Berkshire in which I
responded to their initial comments. I had written it at a time when my computer
was malfunctioning so it’s not with other correspondence. I spend some time
looking on other computers for an electronic copy. It seems that without a copy of this letter,
they will not be satisfied. Anyhow, I think this will be simple to sort out,
and phone the Berkshire ethics committee to
ask if they could please send me a copy of the letter that I had written to
them. Amazingly, I’m told that “due to GCP guidelines” the Berkshire ethics committee cannot give me a copy.
Stalemate. I can’t actually remember how we dealt with this in the end, as my
brain started to succumb to Circumlocution Overload.
The last 6 months
We have a meeting with the clinical geneticists with whom
we’re collaborating, and I find that most of them are as confused as I am by
the whole process. We discuss the Catch 22 situation whereby we aren’t allowed
to help go through files to identify suitable patients because of ethical
concerns, which means they have to take time out of their busy schedules to do
so. This is where the CLRN is supposed to help, by providing research nurses
who can assist, but only if we complete loads more paperwork. And having done
this, after months of to-ing and fro-ing with requests for documentation or
clarification, one of the CLRN centres has just written this week to say they
can’t help us at all because they are a Patient Identification Centre and they
need to be a PI, whatever that is. I’m currently trying to unravel what this
means, and I think it means that they have to become an NHS Site - which was
what I had originally assumed when I
started filling in the forms. But in order for them to do so, there are yet
more forms to complete.
Meanwhile, in October, I had a request from the UKCRN
saying I needed to upload monthly data on patient recruitment in a specific
format, and sending me a 35 page manual explaining how to do this. Fortunately,
after several exchanges on email, I was able to establish that we did not need
to do this, as the hospitals we were dealing with were Patient Identification
Centres rather than Sites. But now we have a PIC that wants to become a Site,
who knows what new demands will appear?
And then, this week, a new complication. The geneticists
who are referring to our study need to check with a child’s GP that it is appropriate
to send them the recruitment materials. But an eagle-eyed administrator spotted
that this letter “was not an ethically approved form”. I was surprised at this.
This is not a letter to a patient; it is a standard communication between NHS
professionals. Nevertheless, my R&D contact confirmed that this letter
would need approval, and that I’d have to fill in a form for a “substantial
amendment”, which would then need to be approved by all the R&D sites as
well as the Berkshire ethics committee.
When I expressed my despair about the process on Twitter,
I had some comments from ethicists, one of whom said “If you're doing research
on ppl then someone has to look after them, no?” Of course, the answer is
“yes”, and in fact the project I’m working on does raise important ethical
issues. As another commentator pointed out, the problem is not usually with the
ethics procedures, and it is true that the IRAS form is much better than its predecessor and guides you through
issues that you need to think about and offers good advice. But the whole
process has got tangled up in bureaucratic legal issues and most of my problems
don’t have anything to do with protecting patients and have everything to do
with protecting institutions against remote possibilities of litigation.
Concluding thoughts
1. In the summer, I was contacted by a member of the public
who was concerned about the way in which a medical project done at Oxford University
was being used to promote unproven diagnostic tests and treatment for a serious
medical condition. I recommended that my contact should write to the relevant
person dealing with ethics in the University. I was sanguine that this would be
taken seriously: here was an allegation of serious infringement of ethical
standards and all my dealings with our R&D department indicated they were
sticklers for correct procedures. A month or so passed; they didn’t reply to
the complainant. I was embarrassed by this and so wrote to point out that a
serious complaint had gone uninvestigated. After a further delay we both got a
bland reply that did not answer the specific questions that had been raised and
just reassured us the matter was being investigated. This just confirms my
cynicism about the role of our systems in protecting patients. As Thomas Sowell
pointed out: “You
will never understand bureaucracies until you understand that for bureaucrats
procedure is everything and outcomes are nothing.”
2. The current system is deterring people from doing
research. The problem is not with the individuals running the system: they’ve
mostly been highly professional, helpful and competent, but they are running a
modern Circumlocution Office. I’ve interacted with at least 27 people about my
proposal, and that’s not counting the Research Ethics Committee members. I’m a
few years off retirement and I’ve already decided that I won’t tangle with NHS
Ethics again. I’m in the fortunate position that I can do research studies that
don’t involve NHS patients, and I want to spend the time remaining to me
engaged in the activity I like, rather than chasing pieces of paper so that someone
somewhere can file them, or waiting for someone to agree that an innocuous
letter from a Consultant to a GP is ethically acceptable.
3. To end on a positive note: I think there is another
way. The default assumption seems to be that all researchers are unscrupulous
rogues who’ll go off the rails unless continuously monitored. The system should
be revamped as a mechanism for training researchers to be aware of ethical issues
and helping them deal with difficult issues. For research procedures that are
in common use, one can develop standard protocols that document how things
should be done to ensure best practice. On this model, a researcher would
indicate that their research would follow protocol X and be trusted to do the
research in an ethical fashion. The
training would also ensure that researchers would recognise when a study
involved ethically complex or controversial aspects that fell outside a
protocol, and would be expected to seek advice from the Research Ethics
Committee. The training would not revolve around learning acronyms, but would
rather challenge people with case studies of ethical dilemmas to ensure that
issues such as confidentiality, consent and risk were at the forefront of the
researcher’s mind. This is the kind of model we use for people engaged in other
activities that could pose risks to others - e.g., medical staff, teachers, car-drivers. Life
would come to a standstill if every activity they undertook had to be scrutinised
and approved. Instead, we train people to perform to a high standard, and then
trust them to get on with it. We need to adopt the same approach to researchers
if we are not to stifle research activity with human participants.
Further reading
Kielmann T, Tierney A, Porteous R, Huby G, Sheikh A, & Pinnock H (2007). The Department of Health's research governance framework remains an impediment to multi-centre studies: findings from a national descriptive study. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 100 (5), 234-8 PMID: 17470931
Knowles, R. L., Bull, C., Wren, C., & Dezateux,
C. (2011). Ethics, governance and consent in the UK: implications for research into
the longer-term outcomes of congenital heart defects. Archives of Disease in
Childhood, 96(1), 14-20.
Robinson, L., Drewery, S., Ellershaw, J., Smith, J.,
Whittle, S., & Murdoch-Eaton, D. (2007). Research governance: impeding both
research and teaching? A survey of impact on undergraduate research
opportunities. Medical Education, 41(8), 729-736.
Warlow, C. (2005). Over-regulation of clinical
research: a threat to public health. Clinical Medicine, 5(1), 33-38.
Wilkinson, M., & Moore, A. (1997). Inducement in
research. Bioethics, 11, 374-389.
